🛠️ Example 3: Practical Question – Quality Control
A factory produces USB cables, and each has a 0.5% chance of being defective. If 2,000 cables are produced in a day, what is the probability that 15 or fewer are defective?
Let X be the number of defective cables. This follows a binomial distribution with n = 2000, p = 0.005.
np = 10, n(1-p) ≈ 1990 → normal approximation is appropriate.
Standard deviation = √(np(1-p)) ≈ √(10 × 0.995) ≈ 3.15