FIN301 Class Web Page, Spring ' 23
Instructor: Maggie Foley
Jacksonville University
Weekly SCHEDULE, LINKS, FILES and Questions
Chapter |
Coverage, HW, Supplements -
Required |
References |
||||
Chapter
1, 2 |
Chapter 1: Introduction Flow
of funds describes the financial assets flowing from various sectors through financial
intermediaries for the purpose of buying physical or financial assets. *** Household, non-financial business, and our government Financial
institutions facilitate exchanges of funds and financial products. ***
Building blocks of a financial system. Passing and transforming funds and
risks during transactions. ***
Buy and sell, receive and deliver, and create and underwrite financial
products. ***
The transferring of funds and risk is thus created. Capital utilization for
individual and for the whole economy is thus enhanced. The
factors that could cause the next financial crisis are · Pandemic · Global warming · War · Inflation · QE · student loan · government debt · tax reform · Natural disaster · Covid · War between Ukraine and Russia · College tuition · Potential war between Taiwan and China · Supply chain issues · Used car price · ? There's a real probability
of recession in 2023, says Thornburg's Jason Brady (youtube)
Chapter 2 Introduction
of Financial Market 1.
What
are the six parts of the financial markets
Money: · To pay for purchases and store wealth (fiat money, fiat currency) Financial Instruments: · To transfer resources from savers to investors and to transfer risk to those best equipped to bear it. Financial
Markets: · Buy and sell financial instruments · Channel funds from savers to investors, thereby promoting economic efficiency · Affect personal wealth and behavior of business firms. Example? Financial Institutions. · Provide access to financial markets, collect information & provide services · Financial Intermediary: Helps get funds from savers to investors Central Banks · Monitor financial Institutions and stabilize the economy Regulatory Agencies · To provide oversight for financial system. 2.
What
are the five core principals of finance
Introduction to Capital Markets - ION Open Courseware
(Video) How the stock market works (video) No homework
for chapters 1, 2 |
|
Chapter 5 Time value of Money The time value of money - German Nande (video)
Tutoring of Time Value of Money
calculation in Excel (video) Chapter 5 Homework (due with the
first mid term) Homework
video #1 on 1/20/2023 - in class Homework
Video #2 on 1/27/2023 - in class Homework
Video #3 on 2/3/2023 - in class 1.
You
deposit $5,000 in a saving account at 10% compounded annually. How much is
your first year interest? How much is your second year interest? (500, 550) 2.
What
is the future value of $5,000 invested for 3 years at 10% compounded annually?
( 6,655) 3.
You
just bought a TV for $518.4 on credit card. You plan to pay back of $50 a
month for this credit card debt. The credit card charges you 12% of interest
rate on the monthly basis. So how long does it take to pay back your credit card
debt? (11 months) 4.
You
are going to deposit certain amount in the next four years. Your saving
account offers 5% of annual interest rate. First year: $800 Second year: $900 Third year: $1000 Fourth year: $1200. How much you can withdraw four years later? (4168.35) 5.
You
are going to deposit certain amount in the next four years. Your saving
account offers 5% of annual interest rate. First year: $800 Second year: $900 Third year: $1000 Fourth year: $1200. How much is the lump sum value as of today (NPV)? (3429.31) 6.
Ten
years ago, you invested $1,000. Today it is worth $2,000. What rate of
interest did you earn? (7.18%) 7.
At
5 percent interest, how long would it take to triple your
money? (22.52) 8.
What
is the effective annual rate if a bank charges you 12 percent compounded
monthly? (12.68%) 9.
Your
father invested a lump sum 16 years ago at 8% interest for your education.
Today, that account worth $50,000.00. How much did your father deposit 16
years ago? ($14594.52) 10.
You
are borrowing $300,000 to buy a house. The terms of the mortgage call for
monthly payments for 30 years at 3% interest. What is the amount of each
payment? ($1264.81) 11.
You
deposit $200 at the beginning of each month into your saving account
every month. After two years (24 deposits total), your account value is
$6,000. Assuming monthly compounding, what is your monthly rate that the bank
provides? (1.74%) 12.
You want to buy a fancy car. For this goal,
you plan to save $5,500 per year, beginning immediately. You will make 4 deposits in an account that
pays 8% interest. Under these
assumptions, how much will you have 4 years from today? ($26,766.31) 13. The Thailand Co. is considering the
purchase of some new equipment. The quote consists of a quarterly payment of
$4,740 for 10 years at 6.5 percent interest. What is the purchase price of
the equipment? ($138,617.88) 14. Today, you are purchasing a 15-year, 8
percent annuity at a cost of $70,000. The annuity will pay annual payments. What
is the amount of each payment? ($8,178.07) 15. Shannon wants to have $10,000 in an
investment account three years from now. The account will pay 0.4 percent
interest per month. If Shannon saves money every month, starting one month
from now, how much will she have to save each month? ($258.81) 16. Trevor's Tires is offering a set of 4
premium tires on sale for $450. The credit terms are 24 months at $20 per
month. What is the interest rate on this offer? (6.27 percent) 17. Top Quality Investments will pay you $2,000
a year for 25 years in exchange for $19,000 today. What interest rate are you
earning on this annuity? (9.42 percent) 18. Around Town Movers recently purchased a
new truck costing $97,000. The firm financed this purchase at 8.25 percent
interest with monthly payments of $2,379.45. How many years will it take the
firm to pay off this debt? (4.0 years) 19. You just received a credit offer in an
email. The company is offering you $6,000 at 12.8 percent interest. The
monthly payment is only $110. If you accept this offer, how long will it take
you to pay off the loan? (82.17 months) 20. What is the future value of weekly
payments of $25 for six years at 10 percent? ($10,673.90) |
Summary of math and excel equations Math Formula FV = PV *(1+r)^n PV = FV / ((1+r)^n) N = ln(FV/PV) / ln(1+r) Rate = (FV/PV)1/n -1 Annuity: N = ln(FV/C*r+1)/(ln(1+r)) Or N = ln(1/(1-(PV/C)*r)))/ (ln(1+r))
Excel Formulas To get FV, use FV function. =abs(fv(rate, nper,
pmt, pv)) To get PV, use PV
function = abs(pv(rate, nper,
pmt, fv)) To get r, use rate
function =
rate(nper, pmt, pv, -fv) To get number of years,
use nper function = nper(rate, pmt, pv,
-fv) To
get annuity payment, use PMT function = pmt(rate, nper, pv,
-fv) To
get Effective rate (EAR), use Effect function =
effect(nominal_rate, npery) To
get annual percentage rate (APR), use nominal function =
nominal(effective rate, npery) NPV NFV calculator(FYI, might be helpful) Time Value of Money
Calculator |
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Chapter 3 Financial Statement Analysis Explaining 4
Financial Statements (youtube)
*************
Introduction *************** Let’s
compare Nike with GoPro based on 10K (www.nasdaq.com) https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/nke/financials For discussion: Which company is
better? Let’s
find it out by comparing stock performance between the two firms. Nike Stock Performance (finance.yahoo.com) What
is your conclusion? ******* Part I: Balance Sheet and
Income Statement ************** Home Depot (Ticker in the
market: HD) reported the following information for the year ended January 30th,
2011 (expressed in millions). Sales: $67,977 Cost of goods sold: $44,693 Marketing, general and
administrative expenses: $15,885 Depreciation expenses:
$1,616 Interest expense: $530 Tax rate: 36.70% Number of shares
outstanding: 1,623 Dividends paid to
stockholders: $1,569. Use the above information
to try to prepare the income statement of Home Depot
for the year ended January 30th, 2011 Home Depot (Ticker in the
market: HD) reported the following information for the year ended January 30th,
2011 (expressed in millions). Cash: $545 Accounts receivables:
$1,085 Inventories: $10625 Other current assets:
$1,224 Gross fixed assets: $38,471 Accumulated depreciation:
$13,411 Other fixed assets: $1,586 Accounts payable: $9,080 Short term notes payable:
$1,042 Long term debt: $11,114 Total common stock: $3,894 Retained earnings: $14,995 Use
the above information to try to prepare the balance
sheet of Home Depot for the year ended January 30th, 2011 |
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/gpro/financials
GoPro * GoPro
Stock performance ( finance.yahoo.com
) http://www.jufinance.com/10k/bs http://www.jufinance.com/10k/is http://www.jufinance.com/10k/cf Ratio Analysis (plus balance sheet, income statement) https://www.jufinance.com/ratio |
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********* Part II: Cash Flow Statement ******************
|
In Millions of USD (except for per share items) |
52 weeks ending 2014-02-02 |
Net Income/Starting Line |
5,385.00 |
Depreciation/Depletion |
1,757.00 |
Amortization |
- |
Deferred Taxes |
-31 |
Non-Cash Items |
228 |
Changes in Working Capital |
289 |
Cash from Operating Activities |
7,628.00 |
Capital Expenditures |
-1,389.00 |
Other Investing Cash Flow Items, Total |
-118 |
Cash from Investing Activities |
-1,507.00 |
Financing Cash Flow Items |
-37 |
Total Cash Dividends Paid |
-2,243.00 |
Issuance (Retirement) of Stock, Net |
-8,305.00 |
Issuance (Retirement) of Debt, Net |
3,933.00 |
Cash from Financing Activities |
-6,652.00 |
Foreign Exchange Effects |
-34 |
Net Change in Cash |
-565 |
Cash Interest Paid, Supplemental |
639 |
Cash Taxes Paid, Supplemental |
2,839.00 |
Discussion:
2. What does net change in cash mean?
Now
let’s learn how to calculate cash changes in each session
Source
of cash
Use
of Cash
Cash
Flow from Operations: Five Steps
1. Add back depreciation.
2. Subtract (add) any increase (decrease) in accounts
receivable.
3. Subtract (add) any increase (decrease) in inventory.
4. Subtract (add) any increase (decrease) in other current
assets.
5. Add (subtract) any increase (decrease) in accounts payable
and other accrued expenses
Chapter 3 HW (due with the SECOND midterm exam)
Video
on 2/17/2023 (Friday) – in class
Video
on 2/24/2023 (Friday) – in class
1.
Firm AAA
just showed how it operated in the prior year.
Sales
= $2,000; Cost of Goods Sold = $1,000; Depreciation Expense = $200; Administrative
Expenses = $180; Interest Expense = $30; Marketing Expenses = $50; and Taxes
= $200. Prepare income statement
2.
A firm has $2000 in current assets, $3000
in fixed assets, $300 in accounts receivables, $300 accounts payable, and
$800 in cash. What is the amount of the inventory? (hint: 900)
3.
A
firm has net working capital of $1000. Long-term debt is $5000, total assets
are $8000, and fixed assets are $5000. What is the amount of the total
equity? (Hint: to find total equity, you need to calculate total debt, which
is a sum of long term debt and short term debt. Short term can be found from
new working capital.) (hint: 1000)
4.
Andre's Bakery has sales of $100,000 with
costs of $50,000. Interest expense is $20,000 and depreciation is $10,000. The
tax rate is 35 percent. What is the amount of tax paid? (hint:
7000)(hint: tax = taxable income * tax rate and taxable income = EBT)
5.
Andre's Bakery has sales of $100,000 with
costs of $50,000. Interest expense is $20,000 and depreciation is $10,000. The
tax rate is 35 percent. The company also paid $3,000 for dividend. What is
the retained earning? (hint: retained earning = net income -
dividend)(hint: 10,000)
6.
The Blue Bonnet's 2018 balance
sheet showed net fixed assets of $2.2 million, and the 2019 balance sheet
showed net fixed assets of $2.6 million. The company's income statement
showed a depreciation expense of $1,000,000. What was the amount of the net
capital spending for 2019? ($1,400,000)
7.
A firm has $500 in inventory,
$1,860 in fixed assets, $190 in accounts receivables, $210 in accounts
payable, and $70 in cash. What is the amount of the current assets? (760)
8.
A firm has net working capital
of $640. Total liability is $5,860. Total assets are $6,230, and fixed assets
are $3,910. What is the amount of long term debt? (4180)
9.
Which one of the following is
a use of cash? (answer: B)
A. decrease in accounts receivable
B. decrease in accounts payable
C. increase in common stock
D. decrease in inventory
10. A firm generated net income of $878. The depreciation
expense was $40 and dividends were paid in the amount of $25. Accounts
payables decreased by $13, accounts receivables increased by $20, inventory
decreased by $14, and net fixed assets decreased by $8. There was no interest
expense. What was the net cash flow from operating activity? (899)
11.
Teddy’s Pillows has beginning net fixed assets of $480 and ending net fixed
assets of $530. Assets valued at $300 were sold during the year. Depreciation
was $40. What is the amount of capital spending? (90)
12.
Art’s Boutique has sales of $640,000 and costs of
$480,000. Interest expense is $40,000 and depreciation is $60,000. The tax
rate is 34%. What is the net income? (39,600)
Cash
Flow Statement Answer |
calculation for changes |
||
Cash
at the beginning of the year |
2060 |
||
Cash from operation |
|||
net
income |
3843 |
||
plus
depreciation |
1760 |
||
-/+ AR
|
-807 |
807 |
|
-/+ Inventory |
-3132 |
3132 |
|
+/- AP |
1134 |
1134 |
|
net change in cash from operation |
2798 |
||
Cash from investment |
|||
-/+ (NFA+depreciation) |
-1680 |
1680 |
|
net change in cash from investment |
-1680 |
||
Cash from finaning |
|||
+/- long term debt |
1700 |
1700 |
|
+/- common stock |
2500 |
2500 |
|
- dividend |
-6375 |
6375 |
|
net change in cash from investment |
-2175 |
||
Total net change of cash |
-1057 |
||
Cash at the end of the year |
1003 |
(The excel file of the above cash flow statement is
here)
More
exercises of chapter 3 (word file here) (solution)
In class exercise
1.
Refer to the above table. Inventory has increased from $18,776
to $21,908. This is ____________ of cash;
Long term
debt has increased from $9,800 to $11,500. This is ____________ of
cash.
A. use; use
B. use; source
C. source; source
D. source; use
2.
Prepare cash flow statement based on
information given
Increase
in accounts receivable $20
Decrease
in inventory 10
Operating
income 120
Interest
expense 20
Decrease
in accounts payable 20
Dividend 10
Increase
in common stock 30
Increase
in net fixed asset 10
Depreciation 5
Income
tax 10
Beginning
cash 100
Why is
Investment Cash flow -$15?
Assume
that Net fixed assets =$10 in previous year.
Depreciation
= $5 è Net fixed assets will drop by $5 due to depreciation, so net fixed assets should be $10-$5=$5,
if the company has done nothing on fixed assets.
However,
increase in Net Fixed Asset = $10 è net fixed assets = $10 + $10 = $20 this
year.
How
much has been spent on fixed assets?
$20-$5=$15
è It is a cash outflow, so -$15.
Solution: see above
Note:
NI = EBIT – Interest – Tax = 120-20-10=90
Chapter 4: Ratio
Analysis
Ratio
analysis template ( https://www.jufinance.com/ratio)
Stock
screening tools
FINVIZ.com
http://finviz.com/screener.ashx
We will focus on the following several ratios:
P/E (price per share/earning per share, P/E < 15, a bargain)
PEG (PE ratio / growth rate. PEG<1, undervalued stock)
(optional)
EPS (earning per share)
ROA (Return on Asset = NI/TA, ROA>10% should be a nice
benchmark)
ROE (return on equity = NI/TE, ROE>15% should be good)
Current ratio (liquidity measure. = CA/CL, has to be
greater than one)
Quick ratio (liquidity measure. = (CA-Inventory)/CL, has to be greater
than one)
Debt Ratio (Leverage measure. = TD/TA, need to be optimal, usually
between 30% and 40%)
Gross margin (profit measure. = EBITDA/sales, or = Gross margin/sales,
has to be positive)
Operating margin (profit measure. = EBIT/sales, or = operating
income/sales, has to be positive)
Net profit margin (profit measure. = NI/sales, has to be
positive)
Payout ratio (= dividend / NI, measures distribution to shareholders.
No preferences. Usually value stocks have high payout ratio; Growth stocks
have low payout ratio).
Total assets turnover = Sales/TA
Inventory turnover ratio = Sales/Inventory
Fixed assets turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold / Fixed assets
Nike
--- Valuation Valuation P/E
Ratio (TTM) 35.96 Price
to Sales Ratio 4.09 Price
to Book Ratio 12.22 EPS
(recurring) 3.74 EPS
(basic) 3.83 Efficiency Current
Ratio 2.63 Quick
Ratio 1.84 Cash
Ratio 1.21 Profitability Gross
Margin +46.13 Operating
Margin +14.49 Return
on Assets 15.49 Return
on Equity 43.11 Capital Structure Total
Debt to Total Assets 31.32 Long-Term
Debt to Assets 0.29 |
https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/NKE/financials
In class exercise
How much is ROA in 2009? ROA in 2009? Quick
Ratio? Current Ratio? Debt Ratio? Payout Ratio? Operating margin? Net profit
margin?
If the company’s stock is traded at $40 per
share and there are 2,000 shares outstand. How much is PE?
Homework of chapter 4 ( due with the SECOND midterm exam)
1. 1 .A firm has total equity
of $2000 and a debt-equity ratio of 2. What is the value of the total
assets?
2, The Co. has sales =
$50 million, total assets = $30 million, and total debt = $15 million. The
profit margin = 20%. What is the return on equity (ROE)?
GoPro --- Valuation P/E Ratio (TTM) 12.92 Price to Sales Ratio 1.45 Price to Book Ratio 2.62 Price to Cash Flow Ratio 7.34 Total Debt to EBITDA 1.79 EPS (recurring) 2.28 EPS (basic) 2.41 Efficiency Total Asset Turnover 1.13 Liquidity Current Ratio 1.65 Quick Ratio 1.46 Cash Ratio 1.13 Profitability Gross Margin +41.20 Operating Margin +9.96 Net Margin +31.97 Return on Assets 36.28 Return on Equity 89.23 Return on Total Capital 16.54 Capital Structure Total Debt to Total Assets 22.63 Long-Term Debt to Assets 0.12 |
|
https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/GPRO/financials |
|
First
Mid Term Exam – 2/22/2023 (chapters 5, 3, 4)
First Mid Term Exam Study Guide
Multiple Choice Questions (25*4 = 100. There are 26 questions
in total, with one question being optional and not counted towards your
grade.)
Chapter 6 Risk and Return
Risk
and Return in class exercise
Excel file here will be provided soon
Steps: In class exercise
1.
Pick three stocks. Has to be the leading firm in
three different industries.
We chose Tesla,
Amazon, and Walmart.
· Stock Prices Raw Data, Risk, Beta, CAPM (Duke
energy, Disney, McDonald, S&P500 (Raw data), will be updated based on the
new stocks chosen in class (template))
2. From finance.yahoo.com, collect stock prices
of the above firms, in the past five years
Steps:
· Goto finance.yahoo.com,
search for the company
· Click
on “Historical prices” in the left column on the top and choose monthly stock
prices.
· Change
the starting date and ending date to “2/1/2018” and “2/1/2023”, respectively.
· Download
it to Excel
· Delete
all inputs, except “adj close”
– this is the closing price adjusted for dividend.
· Merge
the three sets of data just downloaded
3. Evaluate the performance of each stock:
· Calculate
the monthly stock returns.
· Calculate
the average return
· Calculate
standard deviation as a proxy for risk
· Calculate
correlation among the three stocks.
· Calculate
beta. But you need to download S&P500 index values in the past five years from
finance.yahoo.com.
· Calculate stock returns based on CAPM.
· Draw SML
· Conclusion and take away?
Topic 1 - Effect of Diversification
Conclusion:
More than 25 stocks should do the trick for diversification.
Please refer to template
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected
return for assets, particularly stocks. CAPM is widely used throughout
finance for pricing risky securities and generating expected
returns for assets given the risk of those assets and cost of capital.
Ri = Rf + βi *
(Rm - Rf) ------ CAPM model
Ri = Expected return
of investment
Rf =
Risk-free rate
βi =
Beta of the investment
Rm =
Expected return of market
(Rm -
Rf) = Market risk premium
Stock Price Normal Distribution (FYI) ( https://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~mbognar/applets/normal.html)
For
example: from our in class exercise
|
McDonald |
DISNEY |
Duke Energy |
Mean |
1.23% |
0.52% |
0.86% |
standard
deviation |
5.52% |
9.99% |
5.43% |
Excel
command to get the probability to earn less than 0% for MCD:
=NORM.DIST(0%,
1.23%, 5.52%, 1)
Excel
command to get the probability to earn less than 0% for DIS:
=NORM.DIST(0%,
0.52%, 9.99%, 1)
Excel
command to get the probability to earn less than 0% for DUKE:
=NORM.DIST(0%,
0.86%, 5.43%, 1)
HW
of chapter 6 (Due with the second mid
Term exam)
Chapter 6 Homework
Homework
help video 1(Questions 1-4) – 3/3/2023 – in class
Homework
help video 2 (the remaining homework) – 3/10/2023 – in class
1)
Stock A has the following returns for various states of the economy:
State
of
the
Economy Probability Stock
A's Return
Recession 10% -30%
Below
Average 20% -2%
Average 40% 10%
Above
Average 20% 18%
Boom 10% 40%
Stock
A's expected return is? (ANSWER: 8.2%)
2)
Joe purchased 800 shares of Robotics Stock at $3 per share on 1/1/19. Bill
sold the shares on 12/31/19 for $3.45. Robotics stock has a beta of 1.9, the
risk-free rate of return is 4%, and the market risk premium is 9%. Joe's
holding period return is? (ANSWER:
15%)
3. You
own a portfolio with the following expected returns given the various states
of the economy. What is the overall portfolio expected return? (ANSWER:
9.05%)
State
of
economy probability
of state of
economy rate
of return if state occurs
Boom 27% 14%
Normal 70% 8%
Recession 3% -11%
4)
The prices for the Electric Circuit Corporation for the first quarter of 2019
are given below. The price of the stock on January 1, 2019 was
$130. Find the holding period return for an investor who purchased the stock
onJanuary 1, 2009 and sold it the last day of March 2019. (ANSWER: 2.12%)
Month
End Price
January $125.00
February 138.50
March 132.75
5)
Collectibles Corp. has a beta of 2.5 and a standard deviation of returns of 20%.
The return on the market portfolio is 15% and the risk free rate is 4%. What
is the risk premium on the market? (ANSWER: 11%)
6)
An investor currently holds the following portfolio:
Amount
Invested
8,000
shares of
Stock A $16,000 Beta = 1.3
15,000
shares of Stock B $48,000 Beta = 1.8
25,000
shares of Stock C $96,000 Beta = 2.2
The
beta for the portfolio is? (ANSWER:
1.99)
7)
Assume that you have $165,000 invested in a stock that is returning 11.50%,
$85,000 invested in a stock that is returning 22.75%, and $235,000 invested
in a stock that is returning 10.25%. What is the expected return of your
portfolio? (ANSWER: 13%)
8)
If you hold a portfolio made up of the following stocks:
Investment
Value Beta
Stock
A $8,000 1.5
Stock
B $10,000 1.0
Stock
C $2,000 .5
What
is the beta of the portfolio? (ANSWER:
1.15)
9. The risk-free rate of
return is 3.9 percent and the market risk premium (rm –rf)
is 6.2 percent. What is the expected rate of return on a stock with a beta of
1.21? (ANSWER: 11.4%)
10. You own a portfolio consisting of the stocks below.
Stock Percentage
of
portfolio Beta
1. 20% 1
2. 30% 0.5
3. 50% 1.6
The risk free rate is 3% and
market return is 10%.
a. Calculate
the portfolio beta. (ANSWER:
1.15)
b. Calculate
the expected return of your portfolio. (ANSWER: 11.05%)
11. Computing holding period return for Jazman and
Solomon for period 1 through 3 (bought in period 1 and sold in period 3).
Show the holding period returns for each company. (ANSWER: 50%, -25%)
Period Jazman Solomon
1 $10 $20
2 $12 $25
3 $15 $15
12. Calculate expected return
(ANSWER:
12%)
State of the economy |
Probability of the states |
% Return (Cash Flow/Inv. Cost) |
Economic Recession |
30% |
5% |
Strong and moderate Economic Growth |
70% |
15% |
13. Calculate the expected returns of the
following cases, respectively
1) Invest
$10,000 in Treasury bill with guaranteed return of 4%. (ANSWER: 4%)
2) Investment
$10,000 in Apple. 50% possibility to earn 20% return and 50% possibility to
lose 10% of investment.(ANSWER: 5%)
3) Investment
$10,000 in Wal-Mart. 50% possibility to earn 5% return and 50% possibility to
earn 0% of investment.(ANSWER: 2.5%)
14. Rank the risk of the following cases, from
the least risky one the most risky one
(ANSWER: 1, 3, 2)
1) Invest
$10,000 in Treasury bill with guaranteed return of 4%.
2) Investment
$10,000 in Apple. 50% possibility to earn 20% return and 50% possibility to
lose 10% of investment.
3) Investment
$10,000 in Wal-Mart. 50% possibility to earn 5% return and 50% possibility to
earn 0% of investment.
15. An
investor currently holds the following portfolio:
Amount
Invested
8,000
shares of
Stock A $10,000 Beta = 1.5
15,000
shares of Stock B $20,000 Beta = 0.8
25,000
shares of Stock C $20,000 Beta = 1.2
Calculate
the beta for the portfolio.(ANSWER:
1.1)
Excel Command:
sumproduct(array1,
array2) ---- to get expected returns
stdev(observation1,
obv2, obv3,….) ---- to get standard deviation
correl(stock
1’s return, stock 2’s return) --- to get correlation between stocks
beta
= slope(stock return, sp500 return) --- to get the stock’s beta
Holding
Period Return Calculator
Two
Stock Portfolio Return and Standard Deviation
FYI only
W1 and W2 are the percentage of each stock in the
portfolio.
2022 High Beta Stocks List | The 100 Highest Beta S&P 500
Stocks (FYI)
Updated
on September 15th, 2022 by Bob Ciura
https://www.suredividend.com/high-beta-stocks/
#5: Fortinet, Inc. (FTNT)
Fortinet,
Inc. provides broad, integrated, and automated cybersecurity solutions around
the world. It offers FortiGate hardware and software licenses that provide
various security and networking functions. Fortinet is a large-cap stock with
a market cap above $40 billion.
In
the 2022 second quarter, Fortinet generated revenue of $1.03 billion, up 29%
from the same quarter last year. Product and service revenue grew 34% and
25%, respectively. Adjusted earnings-per-share increased 26% year-over-year.
For
2022, Fortinet expects revenue of $4.25 billion to $4.40 billion, consisting
of $2.62 billion to $2.67 billion in service revenue. Billings are expected
between $5.56 billion and $5.64 billion. Adjusted earnings-per-share are
expected in a range of $1.01 to $1.06 for the full year.
FTNT
has a Beta value of 1.71.
#4: Paycom Software Inc. (PAYC)
Paycom
is a technology stock that produces cloud-based human capital management
(HCM) as-a-service software. Services help employers manage a variety of HCM
tasks such as talent acquisition, and time and labor management.
In
the most recent quarter, Paycom generated $317 million in revenue, up 31%
year-over-year. Recurring revenue grew 31%, and represented 98% of total
revenue. Earnings-per-share of $1.26 increased 30% compared with $0.97 in the
year-ago quarter.
PAYC
has a Beta
value of 1.71.
#3: ServiceNow (NOW)
ServiceNow
is a high-quality technology company, which transforms old, manual ways of
working into modern digital workflows. It reduces the complexity of jobs and
makes work more pleasant to employees, thus resulting in increased
productivity.
ServiceNow
currently has more than 7,400 enterprise customers, which include about 80%
of the Fortune 500. All these customers use the Now Platform, which is an
intelligent cloud platform that carries out their digital transformation.
ServiceNow
is a leader in the digital transformation of companies towards making work
better for their employees. According to a research of IDC, more than $3
trillion has been invested in digital transformation initiatives but only 26%
of the investments have delivered acceptable returns.
NOW has
a Beta value of 1.77.
#2: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Advanced
Micro Devices was founded in 1959 and in the decades since it has become a
sizable player in the chip market. AMD is heavy in gaming chips, competing
with others like NVIDIA for the lucrative, but competitive market.
In
the 2022 second quarter, AMD reported revenue of $6.6 billion. This was a 70%
year-over-year increase, driven by organic growth as well as the contribution
from Xilinx. Gross margin contracted two percentage points to 46% for the
quarter. Operating income rose 22% to $526 million. Adjusted
earnings-per-share of $1.05 increased 67%.
AMD has
a Beta value of 2.09.
#1: NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA)
NVIDIA
Corporation is a specialized semiconductor company that designs and
manufactures graphics processors, chipsets and related software products.
Its
products include processors that are specialized for gaming, design,
artificial intelligence, data science and big data research, as well as chips
designed for autonomous vehicles and robots.
Over
the last five years, NVIDIA’s growth exploded. This
growth was partially driven by cryptocurrency mining, although that has
mostly ceased to be a tailwind, and future growth will be centered on other
growth drivers. NVIDIA’s GPUs are very versatile in
AI applications, which was an unintended benefit of the company’s research and development efforts.
The
company has immediately started to capitalize on this trend by offering GPUs
that are optimized for deep learning and other specialized applications.
These GPUs act as the brains of computers, robots, and self-driving cars.
Those GPUs are, among others, utilized in professional visualization and data
centers. The markets NVIDIA supplies GPUs for have strong growth tailwinds,
which bodes well for NVIDIA’s long-term revenue
outlook.
NVDA
has a Beta value of 2.31.
Negative Beta Stocks | The 1 Negative Beta S&P 500 Stock
In 2022 (FYI)
Updated
on January 19th, 2022 by Bob Ciura
https://www.suredividend.com/negative-beta-stocks/
Negative
Beta Stock: Clorox Company (CLX)
With
over 40 years of dividend increases, Clorox is on the exclusive Dividend
Aristocrats list.
Clorox
is a manufacturer and marketer of consumer and professional products,
spanning a wide array of categories from charcoal to cleaning supplies to
salad dressing.
More
than 80% of its revenue comes from products that are #1 or #2 in their
categories across the globe, helping Clorox produce more than $7 billion in
annual revenue.
Clorox
reported first quarter earnings on November 1st, 2021, and results were better
than expected, although expectations were low.
Total
revenue declined nearly –6% year–over–year to $1.8 billion, as organic sales
fell –5% during the quarter. The decline was due to unfavorable pricing and
mix, a decline in volume, and forex translation.
Cleaning
and professional products were higher, but consumer products like vitamins
and supplements posted strong declines.
Clorox
stock has a Beta value of -0.24.
https://ycharts.com/companies/CLX/performance/price
Chapter 7 Bond pricing
Yield Curve http://finra-markets.morningstar.com/BondCenter/Default.jsp 3/19/2023
Understanding the yield
curve (youtube)
Balance Sheet of WalMart https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/wmt/financials
For discussion:
· What is this “long term debt”?
· Who is the lender of this “long term debt”?
So this long term debt is called bond in the financial
market. Where can you find the pricing information and other specifications
of the bond issued by WMT?
Investing Basics: Bonds(video)
FINRA
– Bond market information
http://finra-markets.morningstar.com/BondCenter/Default.jsp
Chapter 7 Study guide
1. Go to http://finra-markets.morningstar.com/BondCenter/Default.jsp , the bond market data website of FINRA to find bond
information. For example, find bond sponsored by Wal-mart
Or, just go to www.finra.org, è Investor center è market data è bond è corporate bond
Corporate
Bond
Understand what is coupon,
coupon rate, yield, yield to maturity, market price, par value, maturity,
annual bond, semi-annual bond, current yield. https://finra-markets.morningstar.com/BondCenter/
2.
Refer to the following bond at http://finra-markets.morningstar.com/BondCenter/BondDetail.jsp?ticker=C104227&symbol=WMT.GP
3. 3. Understand how to
price bond
Bond price = abs(pv(yield, maturity, coupon, 1000)) ------- annual coupon
Bond price = abs(pv(yield/2, maturity*2, coupon/2, 1000))
------- semi-annual coupon
Also change the yield and observe the price changes.
Summarize the price change pattern and draw a graph to demonstrate your
findings.
Again, when yield to maturity of this semi_annual coupon
bond is 3%, how should this WMT bond sell for?
4. Understand how to
calculate bond returns
Yield to maturity = rate(maturity,
coupon, -market price, 1000) – annual coupon
Yield to maturity = rate(maturity*2,
coupon/2, -market price, 1000)*2 – semi-annual coupon
For example, when the annual coupon bond is selling for
$1,200, what is its return to investors?
For example, when the semi-annual coupon bond
is selling for $1,200, what is its return to investors?
5. Current yield: For
the above bond, calculate current yield.
6. Zero coupon bond:
coupon=0 and treat it as semi-annual coupon bond.
Example:
A ten year zero coupon bond is selling for $400. How much is its yield to
maturity?
A ten year zero coupon bond’s yield to maturity is 10%.
How much is its price?
7. Understand
what is bond rating and how to read those ratings. (based on z
score. What is z score?)
a. Who are Moody,
S&P and Fitch?
b. What is IBM’s
rating?
c. Is the rating
for IBM the highest?
d. Who earned the
highest rating?
8.
Understand the cash flows from a bond as a bond investor
For
example, a five year, annual coupon bond, with 5% coupon rate. Its cash flows
are as follows.
Chapter 7 Home
Work (due with the second mid-term)
Homework video
3/24/2023 (in class)
1. IBM
5 year 2% annual coupon bond is selling for $950. How much
this IBM bond’s YTM? 3.09%
2. IBM
10 year 4% semi_annual coupon bond is selling for $950. How
much is this IBM bond’s YTM? 4.63%
3. IBM
10 year 5% annual coupon bond offers 8% of return. How much
is the price of this bond? 798.7
4. IBM
5 year 5% semi-annual coupon bond offers 8% of return. How
much is the price of this bond? $878.34
5. IBM
20 year zero coupon bond offers 8% return. How much is the price of this
bond? 208.29
6. Collingwood
Homes has a bond issue outstanding that pays an 8.5 percent coupon and
matures in 18.5 years. The bonds have a par value of $1,000 and a market
price of $964.20. Interest is paid semiannually. What is the yield to
maturity? 8.9%
7. Grand
Adventure Properties offers a 9.5 percent coupon bond with annual payments.
The yield to maturity is 11.2 percent and the maturity date is 11 years from
today. What is the market price of this bond if the face value is
$1,000? 895
8. The
zero coupon bonds of D&L Movers have a market price of $319.24, a face
value of $1,000, and a yield to maturity of 9.17 percent. How many years is
it until these bonds mature? 12.73 years
9. A
zero coupon bond with a face value of $1,000 is issued with an initial price
of $212.56. The bond matures in 25 years. What is the yield to maturity? 6.29%
10.
The bonds issued by Stainless Tubs bear a 6 percent coupon, payable semiannually.
The bonds mature in 11 years and have a $1,000 face value. Currently, the
bonds sell for $989. What is the yield to maturity? 6.14%
Summary of bond pricing EXCEL functions
To calculate bond price (annual coupon bond):
Price=abs(pv(yield to maturity, years left to
maturity, coupon rate*1000, 1000)
To calculate yield to maturity (annual coupon
bond)::
Yield to maturity = rate(years left to
maturity, coupon rate *1000, -price, 1000)
To calculate bond price (semi-annual
coupon bond):
Price=abs(pv(yield to maturity/2, years
left to maturity*2, coupon rate*1000/2, 1000)
To calculate yield to maturity (semi-annual
coupon bond):
Yield to maturity = rate(years left to
maturity*2, coupon rate *1000/2, -price, 1000)*2
To calculate number of years left(annual
coupon bond)
Number of years =nper(yield to
maturity, coupon rate*1000, -price, 1000)
To calculate number of years left(semi-annual
coupon bond)
Number of years =nper(yield to
maturity/2, coupon rate*1000/2, -price, 1000)/2
To calculate coupon (annual coupon bond)
Coupon = pmt(yield to maturity, number of
years left, -price, 1000)
Coupon rate = coupon / 1000
To calculate coupon (semi-annual coupon bond)
Coupon = pmt(yield to maturity/2, number of
years left*2, -price, 1000)*2
Coupon rate = coupon / 1000
Math Formula (FYI)
C: Coupon, M: Par, $1,000; i: Yield to maturity; n:
years left to maturity
For Semi-annual, F=2 for semi-annual coupon
M: Par, $1,000; i: Yield to maturity; n:
years left to maturity
Bond calculator (Thanks to Dr. Lane)
March 15, 20233:00 AM EDT
Column: Deeply inverted US curve flashed bank danger for months
(FYI)
By Jamie McGeever
It's a lesson many investors
seem reluctant to learn as there's always a tendency to assume it's different
this time.
But whether it's stress in the
banks, financial markets or the wider economy, an inversion of long-term bond
yields below short-term funding rates is almost always a signal that a
credit-driven economy faces trouble ahead. And that's mainly because it
causes the problem.
The volatility crashing
through the U.S. banking sector, which triggered late night intervention from
U.S. regulators on Sunday to curb a contagious flight of deposits from
smaller, weaker banks to larger ones, is just the latest example.
The implosion of Silicon
Valley Bank (SVB) SIVB.O - America's 16th largest bank - prompted the
Treasury and Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) on Sunday to say that all customers
will be able to access their funds, while the Fed unveiled a new program
offering institutions cheap and easy access to loans.
These steps were taken after
SVB was shut down, forced to realize losses on its holdings of longer-dated
Treasuries at the same time its deposit base was under threat. The aim was to
ward off contagion spreading through the $23 trillion banking sector.
Ultimately, though, liquidity
does not guarantee profitability. If longer-term profitability is
authorities' goal, they may have to engineer a lasting re-steepening of the
yield curve back into positive territory
Deutsche Bank's Jim Reid says
inverted curves are almost always an ominous sign - they signal an eventual
unwind of carry trades somewhere in the financial system or economy, meaning
investors and economic agents are about to draw in their horns.
"I don't care why the
curve inverts, I just care that it does," he said on Monday.
While SVB's failure may not be
a direct casualty of the inverted yield curve, an inverted curve is a sign
that wider financial conditions are not so easy, presenting banks with a far
more challenging economic and financial environment.
There are several measurements
of the gap between short- and longer-dated yields but the '2-year/10-year' is
the benchmark - it goes back decades, captures highly liquid parts of both
ends of the curve, and its inversion has preceded every recession of the past
45 years.
The two-year Treasury yield
has been higher than the 10-year yield since last July as the Fed has
embarked on its most aggressive rate-raising campaign in decades. The gap
reached 110 basis points (bps) last week, the deepest inversion since 1981.
In that light, Treasury
Secretary Janet Yellen, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell and FDIC Chairman
Martin Gruenberg may have welcomed the 2s/10s curve steepening by 40 bps on
Monday, the most in decades - only another 50 bps to go and the curve will be
sloping up for the first time since last summer.
Banks make money when the
yield curve slopes positively, borrowing cheaply via customer deposits,
central bank windows or the short end of the curve, and lending longer term
at higher rates - a classic 'carry trade'.
A downward-sloping curve
stymies this 'carry' and curbs lending, and the consequences are clear when
that lasts for as long as eight months.
Analysts at JP Morgan say
regulators' actions successfully targeted a specific carry trade in a
specific area, but there are many others and not all can be backstopped.
Private equity, venture capital,
auto loans, levered loans, and credit card lending have all been profitable
in the era of cheap short-term funding. But rising financing costs put the
squeeze on them and hasten the end of the cycle.
"We believe we are in
that stage and remain negative on risky asset classes," the JP Morgan
analysts wrote in a note on Monday.
REASONS TO BE FEARFUL?
When banks' cost of funding
exceeds the rate of return, they will naturally be less inclined to lend. Tighter
credit conditions and lending standards mean consumers borrow and spend less,
and firms hire and invest less and the risk of recession increases.
There are good reasons for
caution right now.
Outstanding credit card debt
has hit its highest on record at almost $1 trillion, in nominal terms, and
average credit card rates have already hit a record high above 20%.
Average 30-year mortgage rates
are back above 7%, having doubled in the last 18 months, while the personal
savings rate remains anchored near multi-year lows below 5%.
The Fed's last Senior Loan
Officer Survey shows that the net percentage of banks reporting tightening
standards for commercial and industrial loans in the fourth quarter of last
year jumped above 40%, levels consistent with past recessions.
"When you have record
inversions for a prolonged period of time it does point to slower financial
intermediation, slower credit and loan provisions," said Gregory Daco,
chief economist at EY.
(The opinions expressed here are those of the
author, a columnist for Reuters.)
Let’s have some fun with ChatGPT – generate Bond
Pricing Calculator by ChatGPT
Here are step-by-step instructions:
1. Ask
ChatGPT to generate a bond pricing calculator using JavaScript in HTML
format. You can ask something like: "Hey ChatGPT, could you please
generate a bond pricing calculator using JavaScript in HTML format to
calculate the bond pricing, given face value, coupon rate, yield to maturity,
and years left to maturity?"
2. ChatGPT
should respond with the code for the calculator. Copy the code to your
clipboard.
3. Open
Notepad or any other text editor and paste the code into a new document.
4. Save
the file as an HTML file. You can name it anything you like, but make sure
the file extension is ".html". For example, you can name it
"bond_calculator.html".
5. Open
the saved HTML file in your web browser (e.g. Chrome, Firefox, etc.) by
double-clicking on the file or right-clicking and selecting "Open
with". The bond calculator should load and be ready to use.
6. Test
the calculator by entering different values for all the inputs. Make sure the
calculated bond price is correct and matches your expectations.
7. If
you find any issues with the calculator, you can ask ChatGPT to generate it
again with the desired changes.
Or use the code from my experiment with
ChatGPT earlier this week to get bond prices.
<!DOCTYPE
html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bond Pricing
Calculator</title>
<script
type="text/javascript">
function calculate() {
var
faceValue = parseFloat(document.getElementById("faceValue").value);
var
couponRate =
parseFloat(document.getElementById("couponRate").value) / 100;
var
yearsToMaturity =
parseFloat(document.getElementById("yearsToMaturity").value);
var yieldToMaturity
= parseFloat(document.getElementById("yieldToMaturity").value) /
100;
var
presentValue = 0;
var
annualInterest = couponRate * faceValue;
var
discountFactor = 1 / Math.pow(1 + yieldToMaturity, yearsToMaturity);
presentValue
= annualInterest * (1 - discountFactor) / yieldToMaturity + faceValue *
discountFactor;
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML
= "Bond Price: $" + presentValue.toFixed(2);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Bond Pricing
Calculator</h1>
<p>Enter the following
information:</p>
<form>
<label
for="faceValue">Face Value:</label>
<input
type="number" id="faceValue"
value="1000"><br>
<label
for="couponRate">Coupon Rate (%):</label>
<input
type="number" id="couponRate" step="0.01"
value="5"><br>
<label
for="yearsToMaturity">Years to Maturity:</label>
<input
type="number" id="yearsToMaturity"
value="2"><br>
<label
for="yieldToMaturity">Yield to Maturity (%):</label>
<input
type="number" id="yieldToMaturity" step="0.01"
value="2"><br><br>
<input
type="button" value="Calculate"
onclick="calculate()">
</form>
<p
id="result"></p>
</body>
</html>
Chapter 8 Stock Valuation
Part I Dividend payout and
Stock Valuation
For class discussion:
· Why can we
use dividend to estimate a firm’s intrinsic value?
· Are future dividends predictable?
Ex/EFF DATE |
TYPE |
CASH AMOUNT |
DECLARATION DATE |
RECORD DATE |
PAYMENT DATE |
04/23/2019 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
04/09/2019 |
04/24/2019 |
06/03/2019 |
01/30/2019 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
01/17/2019 |
01/31/2019 |
03/01/2019 |
10/22/2018 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
10/11/2018 |
10/23/2018 |
12/03/2018 |
07/20/2018 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
07/13/2018 |
07/23/2018 |
09/04/2018 |
04/19/2018 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
04/10/2018 |
04/20/2018 |
06/01/2018 |
01/29/2018 |
CASH |
$0.13 |
01/16/2018 |
01/30/2018 |
03/01/2018 |
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/f/dividend-history
Wal-Mart
Dividend History
· Refer to the following table for Wal-mart (WMT’s dividend history)
http://stock.walmart.com/investors/stock-information/dividend-history/default.aspx
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/wmt/dividend-history
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/wmt/dividend-history
·
EX-DIVIDEND
DATE 12/08/2022
·
DIVIDEND
YIELD N/A
·
ANNUAL
DIVIDEND $2.24
·
P/E
RATIO 33.29
Ex/EFF DATE |
TYPE |
CASH AMOUNT |
DECLARATION
DATE |
RECORD DATE |
PAYMENT DATE |
12/07/2023 |
CASH |
$0.57 |
02/21/2023 |
12/08/2023 |
01/02/2024 |
08/10/2023 |
CASH |
$0.57 |
02/17/2023 |
08/11/2023 |
09/05/2023 |
05/04/2023 |
CASH |
$0.57 |
02/21/2023 |
05/05/2023 |
05/30/2023 |
03/16/2023 |
CASH |
$0.57 |
02/21/2023 |
03/17/2023 |
04/03/2023 |
12/08/2022 |
CASH |
$0.56 |
02/17/2022 |
12/09/2022 |
01/03/2023 |
08/11/2022 |
CASH |
$0.56 |
02/17/2022 |
08/12/2022 |
09/06/2022 |
05/05/2022 |
CASH |
$0.56 |
02/17/2022 |
05/06/2022 |
05/31/2022 |
03/17/2022 |
CASH |
$0.56 |
02/17/2022 |
03/18/2022 |
04/04/2022 |
12/09/2021 |
CASH |
$0.55 |
02/18/2021 |
12/10/2021 |
01/03/2022 |
08/12/2021 |
CASH |
$0.55 |
02/18/2021 |
08/13/2021 |
09/07/2021 |
05/06/2021 |
CASH |
$0.55 |
02/18/2021 |
05/07/2021 |
06/01/2021 |
03/18/2021 |
CASH |
$0.55 |
02/18/2021 |
03/19/2021 |
04/05/2021 |
12/10/2020 |
CASH |
$0.54 |
02/18/2020 |
12/11/2020 |
01/04/2021 |
08/13/2020 |
CASH |
$0.54 |
02/18/2020 |
08/14/2020 |
09/08/2020 |
05/07/2020 |
CASH |
$0.54 |
02/18/2020 |
05/08/2020 |
06/01/2020 |
03/19/2020 |
CASH |
$0.54 |
02/18/2020 |
03/20/2020 |
04/06/2020 |
12/05/2019 |
CASH |
$0.53 |
02/19/2019 |
12/06/2019 |
01/02/2020 |
08/08/2019 |
CASH |
$0.53 |
02/19/2019 |
08/09/2019 |
09/03/2019 |
05/09/2019 |
CASH |
$0.53 |
02/19/2019 |
05/10/2019 |
06/03/2019 |
03/14/2019 |
CASH |
$0.53 |
02/19/2019 |
03/15/2019 |
04/01/2019 |
12/06/2018 |
CASH |
$0.52 |
02/21/2018 |
12/07/2018 |
01/02/2019 |
08/09/2018 |
CASH |
$0.52 |
02/21/2018 |
08/10/2018 |
09/04/2018 |
05/10/2018 |
CASH |
$0.52 |
02/20/2018 |
05/11/2018 |
06/04/2018 |
03/08/2018 |
CASH |
$0.52 |
02/20/2018 |
03/09/2018 |
04/02/2018 |
12/07/2017 |
CASH |
$0.51 |
02/21/2017 |
12/08/2017 |
01/02/2018 |
08/09/2017 |
CASH |
$0.51 |
02/21/2017 |
08/11/2017 |
09/05/2017 |
05/10/2017 |
CASH |
$0.51 |
02/21/2017 |
05/12/2017 |
06/05/2017 |
03/08/2017 |
CASH |
$0.51 |
02/21/2017 |
03/10/2017 |
04/03/2017 |
12/07/2016 |
CASH |
$0.50 |
02/18/2016 |
12/09/2016 |
01/03/2017 |
08/10/2016 |
CASH |
$0.50 |
02/18/2016 |
08/12/2016 |
09/06/2016 |
05/11/2016 |
CASH |
$0.50 |
02/18/2016 |
05/13/2016 |
06/06/2016 |
03/09/2016 |
CASH |
$0.50 |
02/18/2016 |
03/11/2016 |
04/04/2016 |
12/02/2015 |
CASH |
$0.49 |
02/19/2015 |
12/04/2015 |
01/04/2016 |
08/05/2015 |
CASH |
$0.49 |
02/19/2015 |
08/07/2015 |
09/08/2015 |
05/06/2015 |
CASH |
$0.49 |
02/19/2015 |
05/08/2015 |
06/01/2015 |
03/11/2015 |
CASH |
$0.49 |
02/19/2015 |
03/13/2015 |
04/06/2015 |
12/03/2014 |
CASH |
$0.48 |
02/20/2014 |
12/05/2014 |
01/05/2015 |
08/06/2014 |
CASH |
$0.48 |
02/20/2014 |
08/08/2014 |
09/03/2014 |
05/07/2014 |
CASH |
$0.48 |
02/20/2014 |
05/09/2014 |
06/02/2014 |
03/07/2014 |
CASH |
$0.48 |
02/20/2014 |
03/11/2014 |
04/01/2014 |
12/04/2013 |
CASH |
$0.47 |
02/21/2013 |
12/06/2013 |
01/02/2014 |
08/07/2013 |
CASH |
$0.47 |
02/21/2013 |
08/09/2013 |
09/03/2013 |
05/08/2013 |
CASH |
$0.47 |
02/21/2013 |
05/10/2013 |
06/03/2013 |
03/08/2013 |
CASH |
$0.47 |
02/21/2013 |
03/12/2013 |
04/01/2013 |
12/05/2012 |
CASH |
$0.3975 |
03/01/2012 |
12/07/2012 |
12/27/2012 |
08/08/2012 |
CASH |
$0.3975 |
03/01/2012 |
08/10/2012 |
09/04/2012 |
05/09/2012 |
CASH |
$0.3975 |
03/01/2012 |
05/11/2012 |
06/04/2012 |
03/08/2012 |
CASH |
$0.3975 |
03/01/2012 |
03/12/2012 |
04/04/2012 |
12/07/2011 |
CASH |
$0.365 |
03/03/2011 |
12/09/2011 |
01/03/2012 |
08/10/2011 |
CASH |
$0.365 |
03/03/2011 |
08/12/2011 |
09/06/2011 |
05/11/2011 |
CASH |
$0.365 |
03/03/2011 |
05/13/2011 |
06/06/2011 |
03/09/2011 |
CASH |
$0.365 |
03/03/2011 |
03/11/2011 |
04/04/2011 |
12/08/2010 |
CASH |
$0.3025 |
03/04/2010 |
12/10/2010 |
01/03/2011 |
08/11/2010 |
CASH |
$0.3025 |
03/04/2010 |
08/13/2010 |
09/07/2010 |
05/12/2010 |
CASH |
$0.3025 |
03/04/2010 |
05/14/2010 |
06/01/2010 |
03/10/2010 |
CASH |
$0.3025 |
03/04/2010 |
03/11/2010 |
|
12/09/2009 |
CASH |
$0.2725 |
03/05/2009 |
12/10/2009 |
|
08/12/2009 |
CASH |
$0.2725 |
03/05/2009 |
08/14/2009 |
09/08/2009 |
05/13/2009 |
CASH |
$0.2725 |
03/05/2009 |
05/15/2009 |
06/01/2009 |
03/11/2009 |
CASH |
$0.2725 |
03/05/2009 |
03/13/2009 |
04/06/2009 |
12/11/2008 |
CASH |
$0.2375 |
03/06/2008 |
12/15/2008 |
01/02/2009 |
08/13/2008 |
CASH |
$0.2375 |
03/06/2008 |
08/15/2008 |
09/02/2008 |
05/14/2008 |
CASH |
$0.2375 |
03/06/2008 |
05/16/2008 |
06/02/2008 |
03/12/2008 |
CASH |
$0.2375 |
03/06/2008 |
03/14/2008 |
04/07/2008 |
12/12/2007 |
CASH |
$0.22 |
03/08/2007 |
12/14/2007 |
01/02/2008 |
08/15/2007 |
CASH |
$0.22 |
03/08/2007 |
08/17/2007 |
09/04/2007 |
05/16/2007 |
CASH |
$0.22 |
03/08/2007 |
05/18/2007 |
06/04/2007 |
03/14/2007 |
CASH |
$0.22 |
03/08/2007 |
03/16/2007 |
04/02/2007 |
12/13/2006 |
CASH |
$0.1675 |
03/02/2006 |
12/15/2006 |
01/02/2007 |
08/16/2006 |
CASH |
$0.1675 |
03/02/2006 |
08/18/2006 |
09/05/2006 |
05/17/2006 |
CASH |
$0.1675 |
03/02/2006 |
05/19/2006 |
06/05/2006 |
03/15/2006 |
CASH |
$0.1675 |
03/02/2006 |
03/17/2006 |
04/03/2006 |
12/14/2005 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
|||
08/17/2005 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
03/03/2005 |
08/19/2005 |
09/06/2005 |
05/18/2005 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
03/03/2005 |
05/20/2005 |
06/06/2005 |
03/16/2005 |
CASH |
$0.15 |
03/03/2005 |
03/18/2005 |
04/04/2005 |
12/15/2004 |
CASH |
$0.13 |
03/02/2004 |
12/17/2004 |
01/03/2005 |
08/18/2004 |
CASH |
$0.13 |
03/02/2004 |
08/20/2004 |
09/07/2004 |
05/19/2004 |
CASH |
$0.13 |
03/02/2004 |
05/21/2004 |
06/07/2004 |
03/17/2004 |
CASH |
$0.13 |
03/02/2004 |
03/19/2004 |
04/05/2004 |
Can you estimate the expected dividend in 2023?
And in 2024? And on and on…
For class
discussion:
What conclusions can be drawn from the above information?
Can we figure out the stock price of Wal-Mart based on
dividend, with reasonable assumptions?
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. was incorporated on
Oct. 31, 1969. On Oct. 1, 1970, Walmart offered 300,000 shares of its common
stock to the public at a price of $16.50 per share. Since that time, we have
had 11 two-for-one (2:1) stock splits. On a purchase of 100 shares at $16.50
per share on our first offering, the number of shares has grown as follows:
2:1 Stock Splits |
Shares |
Cost per Share |
Market Price on Split Date |
Record Date |
Distributed |
On the
Offering |
100 |
$16.50 |
|||
May 1971 |
200 |
$8.25 |
$47.00 |
5/19/71 |
6/11/71 |
March 1972 |
400 |
$4.125 |
$47.50 |
3/22/72 |
4/5/72 |
August 1975 |
800 |
$2.0625 |
$23.00 |
8/19/75 |
8/22/75 |
Nov. 1980 |
1,600 |
$1.03125 |
$50.00 |
11/25/80 |
12/16/80 |
June 1982 |
3,200 |
$0.515625 |
$49.875 |
6/21/82 |
7/9/82 |
June 1983 |
6,400 |
$0.257813 |
$81.625 |
6/20/83 |
7/8/83 |
Sept. 1985 |
12,800 |
$0.128906 |
$49.75 |
9/3/85 |
10/4/85 |
June 1987 |
25,600 |
$0.064453 |
$66.625 |
6/19/87 |
7/10/87 |
June 1990 |
51,200 |
$0.032227 |
$62.50 |
6/15/90 |
7/6/90 |
Feb. 1993 |
102,400 |
$0.016113 |
$63.625 |
2/2/93 |
2/25/93 |
March 1999 |
204,800 |
$0.008057 |
$89.75 |
3/19/99 |
4/19/99 |
Can you estimate the expected dividend in 2023? And in
2024? And on and on…
Can you write down the math equation now?
WMT stock price = ?
WMT stock price = npv(return, D1,
D2, …D∞)
WMT stock price = D1/(1+r) + D2/(1+r)2 + D3/(1+r)3 + D4/(1+r)4 + …
Can you calculate now? It is hard right because we assume dividend payment
goes to infinity. How can we simplify the calculation?
We can assume that dividend grows at certain rate, just as the table on
the right shows.
Discount rate is r (based on Beta and CAPM that we will learn in chapter
6)
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/wmt
What does each item indicate?
From finviz.com https://finviz.com/quote.ashx?t=WMT
Part II: Constant Dividend Growth-Dividend growth model
Calculate stock prices
1) Given
next dividends and price
Po=
Po= +
Po= + +
Po= + ++
……
Refer
to http://www.calculatinginvestor.com/2011/05/18/gordon-growth-model/
· Now
let’s apply this Dividend growth model in problem solving.
Constant
dividend growth model calculator ( www.jufinance.com/dividend)
Equations
· Po= D1/(r-g)
or Po= Do*(1+g)/(r-g)
· r =
D1/Po+g = Do*(1+g)/Po+g
· g=
r-D1/Po = r- Do*(1+g)/Po
·
D1
= Po *(r-g); D0 = Po*(r-g)/(1+g)
· Capital
Gain yield = g
· Dividend
Yield = r – g = D1 / Po = Do*(1+g) / Po
· D1=Do*(1+g);
D2= D1*(1+g); D3=D2*(1+g)…
For discussion:
§ You own
100 shares of WMT. Are you a significant shareholder of WMT? What type of
rights you have as minor shareholders?
§ If WMT runs
into trouble, how risky is your investment in WMT? Compare with Treasury bill
investors, Treasury bond investors, WMT bond investors, Apple stock holders,
etc.
§ Doug
McMillon is the CEO of Wal-Mart. Do you have any suggestive advices for him?
How can you let him hear from you? How much do you trust him not to abuse
your investment? Are there any ways to discipline him?
§ More
exercise about the dividend growth model.
§ Consider
the valuation of a common stock that paid $1.00 dividend at the end of the
last year and is expected to pay a cash dividend in the future. Dividends are
expected to grow at 10% and the investors required rate of return is 17%. How
much is the price?
§ The
current market price of stock is $90 and the stock pays dividend of $3 with a
growth rate of 5%. What is the return of this stock?
HW of chapter
8 (due with final)
1. Northern Gas recently paid a $2.80 annual dividend on
its common stock. This dividend increases at an average rate of 3.8 percent
per year. The stock is currently selling for $26.91 a share. What is the
market rate of return? (answer:
14.6%)
2. Douglass Gardens pays an annual dividend that is expected
to increase by 4.1 percent per year. The stock commands a market rate of
return of 12.6 percent and sells for $24.90 a share. What is the expected
amount of the next dividend? (answer:
2.12)
3. IBM just paid $3.00 dividend per share to investors.
The dividend growth rate is 10%. What is the expected dividend of the next
year? (answer: 3.3)
4.
You bought 1
share of HPD for $20 in May 2018 and sold it for $30 in May 2019. How much is
the holding period return? (answer:
50%)
5. The current market price of stock is $50 and the
stock is expected to pay dividend of $2 with a growth rate of 6%. How much is
the expected return to stockholders? (answer:
10%)
6. The stockholder’s expected return is 8% and the
stock is expected to pay dividend of $2 with a growth rate of 4%. How much
should the stock be traded for? (answer:
50)
7. The stockholder’s expected return is 8% and the
stock is expected to pay dividend of $2 with a growth rate of 4%. How much is the dividend expected to be
three years from now? (Hint: D3 = D2*(1+g) = D1*(1+g)2
)(answer: 2.16)
8.
Kilsheimer
Company just paid a dividend of $5 per share. Future dividends are expected
to grow at a constant rate of 7% per year. The value of the stock is $42.80.
What is the required return of this stock?(answer: 19.5%)
9.
Investors of
Creamy Custard common stock earns 15% of return. It just paid a dividend of
$6.00 and dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 6% indefinitely. What
is expected price of Creamy Custard's stock?(answer: 70.67)
10.
Douglass Gardens
pays an annual dividend that is expected to increase by 6 percent per year.
The stock commands a market rate of return of 12.6 percent and sells for
$24.90 a share. What is the dividend yield of this stock? (answer: 6.6%)
Dividend growth model Calculator
(very
useful)
Useful website
money.msn.com/investing
zacks.com
minyanville.com
moneychimp.com
navellier.investor.com/portfolio-grader/
nasdaq.com
marketwatch.com
superstockscreener.com
gurufocus.com
portfoliomoney.com
stockconsultant.com
marketgrader.com
moderngraham.com
stockpickr.com
stockta.com
thestreet.com
askstockguru.com
quotes.wsj.com
oldschoolvalue.com
fool.com
analystratings.com
barchart.com
stock2own.com
theonlineinvestor.com
seekingalpha.com
Details about how to derive the model mathematically (FYI)
The Gordon growth model is a simple discounted cash flow (DCF)
model which can be used to value a stock, mutual fund, or even the entire
stock market. The model is named after Myron Gordon who first published
the model in 1959.
The Gordon model assumes that a
financial security pays a periodic dividend (D) which
grows at a constant rate (g). These growing dividend payments are
assumed to continue forever. The future dividend payments are discounted at
the required rate of return (r) to find the price (P) for the stock
or fund.
Under these simple assumptions, the
price of the security is given by this equation:
In this equation, I’ve used
the “0” subscript on the price (P) and the “1” subscript
on the dividend (D) to indicate that the price is calculated at time zero and
the dividend is the expected dividend at the end of period one. However, the
equation is commonly written with these subscripts omitted.
Obviously, the assumptions built
into this model are overly simplistic for many real-world valuation
problems. Many companies pay no dividends, and, for those that do,
we may expect changing payout ratios or growth rates as the
business matures.
Despite these
limitations, I believe spending some time experimenting with the Gordon
model can help develop intuition about the relationship between
valuation and return.
The Gordon growth model calculates the
present value of the security by summing an infinite series of discounted
dividend payments which follows the pattern shown here:
Multiplying both sides of the previous
equation by (1+g)/(1+r) gives:
We can then subtract the second equation
from the first equation to get:
Rearranging and simplifying:
Finally, we can simplify further to get
the Gordon growth model equation
dividend growth model:
Refer
to http://www.calculatinginvestor.com/2011/05/18/gordon-growth-model/
· Now let’s apply this
Dividend growth model in problem solving.
10/25/2022
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stock-splits
SYMBOL |
COMPANY |
RATIO |
PAYABLE ON |
EX-DATE |
ANNOUNCED |
Yageo Corporation GDR - 144A |
39 : 49 |
11/08/2022 |
11/08/2022 |
11/08/2022 |
|
Two Harbors Investments Corp |
1 : 4 |
11/02/2022 |
11/02/2022 |
11/02/2022 |
|
Uxin Limited |
1 : 10 |
10/28/2022 |
10/28/2022 |
10/28/2022 |
|
Vegano Foods |
1 : 10 |
10/25/2022 |
10/25/2022 |
10/25/2022 |
|
China Merchants Port Holdings Company Ltd
ADR |
5.420% |
07/29/2022 |
07/06/2202 |
N/A |
10/25/2022
https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/dividends
Symbol |
Name |
Ex-Dividend Date |
Payment Date |
Record Date |
Dividend |
Indicated Annual Dividend |
Announcement Date |
10/25/2022 |
11/09/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
0.225 |
0.9 |
10/12/2022 |
||
10/25/2022 |
11/16/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
0.38 |
1.52 |
10/13/2022 |
||
10/25/2022 |
11/10/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
0.853 |
3.412 |
09/27/2022 |
||
10/25/2022 |
11/10/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
1.18 |
4.72 |
09/20/2022 |
||
10/25/2022 |
11/09/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
0.035 |
0.14 |
09/15/2022 |
||
10/25/2022 |
11/24/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
0.925 |
3.701 |
08/24/2022 |
||
10/25/2022 |
11/09/2022 |
10/26/2022 |
0.45 |
1.8 |
10/12/2022 |
Before
Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank, the Fed Spotted Big Problems (FYI)
The bank was using an incorrect
model as it assessed its own risks amid rising interest rates, and spent much
of 2022 under a supervisory review.
Jeanna Smialek March 19, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/19/business/economy/fed-silicon-valley-bank.html
WASHINGTON — Silicon
Valley Bank’s risky practices were on the Federal Reserve’s radar for more
than a year — an awareness that proved
insufficient to stop the bank’s demise.
The Fed repeatedly warned the
bank that it had problems, according to a person familiar with the matter.
In 2021, a Fed review of the
growing bank found serious weaknesses in how it was handling key risks. Supervisors
at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, which oversaw Silicon Valley
Bank, issued six citations. Those warnings, known as “matters requiring attention” and “matters requiring immediate
attention,” flagged that the firm was doing a bad job of ensuring that it
would have enough easy-to-tap cash on hand in the event of trouble.
But the bank did not fix its
vulnerabilities. By July 2022, Silicon Valley Bank was in a full supervisory
review — getting a more careful look — and was ultimately rated
deficient for governance and controls. It was placed under a set of
restrictions that prevented it from growing through acquisitions. Last
autumn, staff members from the San Francisco Fed met with senior leaders at
the firm to talk about their ability to gain access to enough cash in a
crisis and possible exposure to losses as interest rates rose.
It became clear to the Fed
that the firm was using bad models to
determine how its business would fare as the central bank raised rates:
Its leaders were assuming that higher interest revenue would substantially
help their financial situation as rates went up, but that was out of step
with reality.
By early 2023, Silicon Valley
Bank was in what the Fed calls a “horizontal review,” an assessment meant to gauge
the strength of risk management. That checkup identified additional
deficiencies — but at that point, the bank’s days were numbered. In early
March, it faced a run and failed, sending shock-waves across the broader
American banking system that ultimately led to a sweeping government
intervention meant to prevent panic from spreading. On Sunday, Credit Suisse,
which was caught up in the panic that followed Silicon Valley Bank’s demise, was taken over by
UBS in a hastily arranged deal put together by the Swiss government.
Major questions have been raised about why regulators failed to
spot problems and take action early enough to prevent Silicon Valley Bank’s
March 10 downfall. Many of the issues that contributed to its collapse seem obvious
in hindsight: Measuring by value, about 97 percent of its deposits were
uninsured by the federal government, which made customers more likely to run
at the first sign of trouble. Many of the bank’s depositors were in the
technology sector, which has recently hit tough times as higher interest
rates have weighed on business.
And Silicon Valley Bank also
held a lot of long-term debt that had declined in market value as the Fed
raised interest rates to fight inflation. As a result, it faced huge losses
when it had to sell those securities to raise cash to meet a wave of
withdrawals from customers.
The Fed has initiated an
investigation into what went wrong with the bank’s oversight, headed by
Michael S. Barr, the Fed’s vice chair for supervision. The inquiry’s results are expected to be
publicly released by May 1. Lawmakers are also digging into what went awry.
The House Financial Services Committee has scheduled a hearing on recent bank
collapses for March 29.
The picture that is emerging
is one of a bank whose leaders failed to plan for a realistic future and
neglected looming financial and operational problems, even as they were
raised by Fed supervisors. For instance, according to a person familiar with
the matter, executives at the firm were told of cybersecurity problems both
by internal employees and by the Fed — but ignored the concerns.
The Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation, which has taken control of the firm, did not comment on its
behalf.
Still, the
extent of known issues at the bank raises questions about whether Fed bank
examiners or the Fed’s Board of Governors in Washington could have done more
to force the institution to address weaknesses. Whatever intervention was staged was
too little to save the bank, but why remains to be seen.
“It’s a failure of supervision,” said Peter Conti-Brown, an
expert in financial regulation and a Fed historian at the University of
Pennsylvania. “The thing we don’t know is if it was a failure of supervisors.”
Mr. Barr’s review of the Silicon Valley
Bank collapse will focus on a few key questions, including why the problems
identified by the Fed did not stop after the central bank issued its first
set of matters requiring attention. The existence of those initial warnings
was reported earlier by Bloomberg. It will also look at whether supervisors
believed they had authority to escalate the issue, and if they raised the
problems to the level of the Federal Reserve Board.
The Fed’s report is expected to
disclose information about Silicon Valley Bank that is usually kept private
as part of the confidential bank oversight process. It will also include any
recommendations for regulatory and supervisory fixes.
The bank’s downfall and the chain
reaction it set off is also likely to result in a broader push for stricter bank
oversight. Mr. Barr was already performing a “holistic review” of Fed regulation, and the
fact that a bank that was large but not enormous could create so many
problems in the financial system is likely to inform the results.
Typically, banks with
fewer than $250 billion in assets are excluded from the most onerous parts of
bank oversight — and that has
been even more true since a “tailoring” law
that passed in 2018 during the Trump administration and was put in place by
the Fed in 2019. Those changes left smaller banks with less stringent rules.
Silicon Valley Bank was still
below that threshold, and its collapse underlined that even banks that are
not large enough to be deemed globally systemic can cause sweeping problems
in the American banking system.
As a result, Fed officials could consider tighter rules for those big, but
not huge, banks. Among them: Officials could ask whether banks with $100
billion to $250 billion in assets should have to hold more capital when the
market price of their bond holdings drops — an “unrealized loss.” Such a tweak would most
likely require a phase-in period, since it would be a substantial change.
But as the Fed works to
complete its review of what went wrong at Silicon Valley Bank and come up
with next steps, it is facing intense political blowback for failing to
arrest the problems.
Some of the concerns center on
the fact that the bank’s chief executive, Greg Becker, sat on the Federal Reserve Bank
of San Francisco’s board of directors until March 10. While board members do not
play a role in bank supervision, the optics of the situation are bad.
“One of the most absurd aspects
of the Silicon Valley bank failure is that its CEO was a director of the same
body in charge of regulating it,” Senator Bernie Sanders, a
Vermont independent, wrote on Twitter on Saturday, announcing that he would
be “introducing a bill to end this conflict of interest by banning
big bank CEOs from serving on Fed boards.”
Other worries center on
whether Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair, allowed too much deregulation during
the Trump administration. Randal K. Quarles, who was the Fed’s vice chair for supervision
from 2017 to 2021, carried out a 2018 regulatory rollback law in an expansive
way that some onlookers at the time warned would weaken the banking system.
Mr. Powell typically defers to
the Fed’s supervisory vice chair on regulatory matters, and he did not
vote against those changes. Lael Brainard, then a Fed governor and now a top
White House economic adviser, did vote against some of the tweaks — and flagged them as
potentially dangerous in dissenting statements.
“The crisis demonstrated clearly that the distress of even
noncomplex large banking organizations generally manifests first in liquidity
stress and quickly transmits contagion through the financial system,” she warned.
Senator Elizabeth Warren,
Democrat of Massachusetts, has asked for an independent review of what
happened at Silicon Valley Bank and has urged that Mr. Powell not be involved
in that effort. He “bears direct responsibility
for — and has a long record of failure involving” bank regulation, she wrote in
a letter on Sunday.
Maureen Farrell contributed
reporting.
Second Midterm Exam (4/5/2023)
Second
Mid Term Exam Study Guide
Chapters 6, 7, 8
Review video in
class (Must watch) (4/3/2023 in class)
Chapter 6
1. Given D1, r, g, Po=?
2. Given D1, r, g, Po=?
3. Given D1, g, Po, dividend yield?
4. Given D1, r, Po, r=?
5. Given D1, Po, r, g=?
6. Given r, Po, g, D1=?
7. Given r, Po, g, Do=?
Chapter 7
1. Issuer Symbol Callable Coupon _rate Maturity Moody Rating Price
Yield
GM CRK3680632 Yes 9% 07/15/2031 aa 97 _____
This bond is
callable. This means that?
· Coupon? Price?
· Moody?
· What is the rating by Moody?
· How much YTM?
· How much current yield?
· Recalculate price if YTM is given.
· A Zero coupon bond, given years, YTM, price?
· A semi-annual coupon bond, given ytm, nper, coupon, calculate price.
· A semi-annual coupon bond, given price, nper, coupon, calculate YTM.
Chapter 8
Given total
fund, fund invested in each stock, the probability of each stock’s return.
1. The percentage of investment of each security is how much ?
2. Calculate the return of each stock in the portfolio.
3. Given probability of each economic condition, and its return. Calculate expected return.
4. Given beta of each stock in the portfolio, and weight of each stock. Calculate the beta of the portfolio. And given risk free rate, and market return, calculate portfolio’s return.
Refer to the
graph
· What does A represent?
· What does B represent?
· How much is the slope of the above security market line?
5. What is systematic risk? Unsystematic risk?
6. Given purchasing price, selling price, calculate HPR.
7. How to diversify?
8. Given probability, return, under each economic condition, and calculate expected return and standard deviation.
Chapter 10 Capital Budgeting Chapter 10 In Class Exercise Question 1: Project with an initial
cash outlay of $20,000 with following free cash flows for 5 years. Year Cash flows 1 $8,000 2 4,000 3 3,000 4 5,000 5 10,000 1) How
much is the payback period (approach one)? · Does
this method consider time value of money? · Easy
to explain to outsiders? 2) If
the firm has a 10% required rate of return. How much is NPV (approach
2)? · What
does NPV means? NPV>0 indicates what? Otherwise? · Does
this method consider time value of money? · Easy
to explain to outsiders? 3) If
the firm has a 10% required rate of return. How much is IRR (approach
3)? · What
does IRR mean? IRR > 10% indicates what? Otherwise? · Does
this method consider time value of money? · Easy
to explain to outsiders? Question 2: Project with an initial cash
outlay of $60,000 with following free cash flows for 5 years. Year FCF Initial
outlay –60,000 1 25,000 2 24,000 3 13,000 4 12,000 5 11,000 The firm has a 15% required rate of
return. Calculate payback period, NPV, IRR.
Analyze your results. Question 3: Mutually
Exclusive Projects 1) Consider
the following cash flows for one-year Project A and B, with required rates of
return of 10%. You have limited capital and can invest in one but one
project. Which one? § Initial
Outlay: A = $200; B = $1,500 § Inflow: A
= $300; B = $1,900 2) Example:
Consider two projects, A and B, with initial outlay of $1,000, cost of
capital of 10%, and following cash flows in years 1, 2, and 3: A:
$100 $200 $2,000 B:
$650 $650 $650 Which project should you choose if they
are mutually exclusive? Independent? Crossover rate? Question 4:
If the required rate of return is 10%. Which
project shall you choose? 1) How
much is the cross over rate? (answer: 11.8%) 2) How
is your decision if the required rate of return is 13%? (answer: NPV of
B>NPV of A) · Rule for mutually exclusive projects: (answer:
Choose B) · What about the two projects are
independent? (answer: Choose both) Solution: Chapter
10 Homework (due with final) Video for
homework in class (4/14/2023) 1. Consider
the following two projects, calculate the NPVs of the two projects. If the
two projects are mutually exclusive, which one should you choose? What about
they are independent projects?(answer: NPVa: -8.67; NPVb: 12.65; Mutually
exclusive: B; Independent:B)
2. You are considering an
investment with the following cash flows. If the required rate of return for
this investment is 15.5 percent, should you accept the investment based
solely on the internal rate of return rule? Why? (answer: 17.53%;
Yes, rate<IRR, accept) 4. An investment
project provides cash flows of $1,190 per year for 10 years. If the initial
cost is $8,000, what is the payback period? (answer: 6.72) 5. A firm evaluates all
of its projects by using the NPV decision rule. At a required return of 14
percent, the NPV for the following project is _____ and the firm should _____
the project. (answer: 7264.95, accept)
What is
the NPV of each project? What is the IRR of each project? (answer: A-
922.78; 15.33%; B- 871.47; 14.68%) 7. Cash Flow in Period Initial
Outlay 1 2 3 4 $4,000,000 $1,546,170 $1,546,170 $1,546,170 $1,546,170 The
Internal Rate of Return (to nearest whole percent) i? (answer:
20.03%) Welltran Corp.
can purchase a new machine for $1,875,000 that will provide an annual net
cash flow of $650,000 per year for five years. The machine will be sold for
$120,000 after taxes at the end of year five. What is the net present value
of the machine if the required rate of return is 13.5%. (Answer:
$447,291.91. Hint: year 5’s cash flow is 650k+120k = 770k) |
NPV, IRR, Payback Calculator https://www.jufinance.com/capital/ NPV, IRR, Payback Excel Template https://www.jufinance.com/npv_1/ Math
Equation Here’s what
each symbol means:
NPV
Excel syntax Syntax NPV(rate,value1,value2,
...) Rate
is the rate of discount over the length of one period. Value1, value2, ...
are 1 to 29 arguments representing the payments and income. · Value1, value2,
... must be equally spaced in time and occur at the end of
each period. NPV uses the order of
value1, value2, ... to interpret the order of cash flows. Be sure
to enter your payment and income values in the correct sequence. IRR Excel syntax Syntax IRR(values,
guess) Values is an
array or a reference to cells that contain numbers for which you want to calculate
the internal rate of return. Guess
is a number that you guess is close to the result of IRR. Net Present Value NPV Explained with
NPV Example for NPV Calculation (Cartoon,
video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FsGpi_W9XI Using Excel for Net Present Values, IRR's and MIRR's
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgVQvn51noc ‘Simple Rules’ for Running a Business
From the 20-page cellphone contract to the five-pound employee
handbook, even the simple things seem to be getting more complicated. Companies have been
complicating things for themselves, too—analyzing hundreds of factors when
making decisions, or consulting reams of data to resolve every budget
dilemma. But those requirements might be wasting time and muddling priorities. So argues Donald Sull, a lecturer at the Sloan School
of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who has also
worked for McKinsey & Co. and Clayton, Dubilier & Rice LLC. In the book Simple
Rules: How to Thrive in a Complex World, out this week from Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt HMHC -1.36%,
he and Kathleen Eisenhardt of Stanford University claim that straightforward
guidelines lead to better results than complex formulas. Mr. Sull recently spoke with At Work about
what companies can do to simplify, and why five basic rules can beat a
50-item checklist. Edited excerpts: WSJ: Where, in the
business context, might “simple
rules” help more than a
complicated approach? Donald Sull: Well, a common
decision that people face in organizations is capital allocation. In many
organizations, there will be thick procedure books or algorithms–one company
I worked with had an algorithm that had almost 100 variables for every
project. These are very cumbersome approaches to making decisions and can
waste time. Basically, any decision about how to focus resources—either
people or money or attention—can benefit from simple rules. WSJ: Can you give an
example of how that simplification works in a company? Sull: There’s a German
company called Weima GmBH that makes shredders. At one point,
they were getting about 10,000 requests and could only fill about a thousand
because of technical capabilities, so they had this massive problem of
sorting out which of these proposals to pursue. They had a very
detailed checklist with 40 or 50 items. People had to gather data and if
there were gray areas the proposal would go to management. But because the
data was hard to obtain and there were so many different pieces, people didn’t always fill out the
checklists completely. Then management had to discuss a lot of these
proposals personally because there was incomplete data. So top management is
spending a disproportionate amount of time discussing this low-level stuff. Then Weima came up with guidelines that the
frontline sales force and engineers could use to quickly decide whether a
request fell in the “yes,” “no” or “maybe” category. They did it with five
rules only, stuff like “Weima had to collect at least 70% of the
price before the unit leaves the factory.” Or, take Frontier
Dental Laboratories in Canada. They were working with a sales force of two
covering the entire North American market. Limiting their sales guidelines to
a few factors that made someone likely to be receptive to Frontier—stuff like “dentists who have their own
practice” and “dentists with a website”—helped
focus their efforts and increase sales 42% in a declining market. WSJ: Weima used five factors—is that the
optimal number? And how do you choose which rules to follow? Sull: You should have
four to six rules. Any more than that, you’ll spend too much time trying to follow
everything perfectly. The entire reason simple rules help is because they
force you to prioritize the goals that matter. They’re easy to remember, they
don’t confuse or stress you, they save time. They should be
tailored to your specific goals, so you choose the rules based on what
exactly you’re trying to achieve. And you should of course talk to others. Get
information from different sources, and ask them for the top things that
worked for them. But focus on whether what will work for you and your
circumstances. WSJ: Is there a
business leader you can point to who has embraced the “simple rules” guideline? Donald Sull: Let’s look at
when Alex Behring took over the Brazilian railway and logistics company.
With a budget of $15 million, how do you choose among $200 million of
investment requests, all of which are valid? The textbook
business-school answer to this is that you run the NPV (net present value)
test on each project and rank-order them by NPV. Alex Behring knows this. He
was at the top of the class at Harvard Business School. But instead Similarly, the
global-health arm of the Gates Foundation gets many, many funding requests.
But since they know that their goal is to have the most impact worldwide,
they focus on projects in developing countries because that’s where the money
will stretch farther. Wal-Mart
Inc (NYSE:WMT) WACC %: 6.83% As of 4/7/2023 As of today (2023-4-7), Walmart's weighted average cost of
capital is 6.83%. Walmart's ROIC % is 7.67% (calculated
using TTM income statement data). Walmart generates higher returns on
investment than it costs the company to raise the capital needed for that
investment. It is earning excess returns. A firm that expects to continue generating
positive excess returns on new investments in the future will see its value
increase as growth increases.https://www.gurufocus.com/term/wacc/WMT/WACC/Walmart%2BInc Amazon.com
Inc (NAS:AMZN) WACC %:10.98% As of 4/7/2023 As of today (2023-4-7), Amazon.com's weighted average cost of
capital is 10.98%. Amazon.com's ROIC % is 1.87% (calculated using TTM income statement
data). Amazon.com generates higher returns on investment than it costs the
company to raise the capital needed for that investment. It is earning excess
returns. A firm that expects to continue generating positive excess returns
on new investments in the future will see its value increase as growth
increases. https://www.gurufocus.com/term/wacc/AMZN/WACC-Percentage/Amazon.com%20Inc Apple
Inc (NAS:AAPL) WACC %:11.03% As of 4/7/2023 As of today (2023-4-7), Apple's weighted average cost of
capital is 11.42%. Apple's ROIC % is 31.47% (calculated
using TTM income statement data). Apple generates higher returns on
investment than it costs the company to raise the capital needed for that
investment. It is earning excess returns. A firm that expects to continue
generating positive excess returns on new investments in the future will see
its value increase as growth increases. https://www.gurufocus.com/term/wacc/AAPL/WACC/Apple%2Binc Tesla WACC %: 20.31% As of 4/7/2023
As of today (2023-4-7),
Tesla's weighted average cost of capital is 19.82%. Tesla's ROIC % is 29.39% (calculated using TTM income
statement data). Tesla earns returns that do not match up to its cost of
capital. It will destroy value as it grows. https://www.gurufocus.com/term/wacc/NAS:TSLA/WACC-/Tesla |
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Final Exam (4/28 In class, 11:30-2PM) Or by appointment to
take final on Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday from 11:30-5PM FIN 301 Comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide (please use the first and the second midterm exams as study guide for
chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Please use homework questions as study guide for
chapter 10)
Multiple Choice Questions: 2 points each,
total 100 points.) Chapter 3, chapter 4 1.
Given net income, depreciation, changes in AR, AP, and
inventory, calculate the company's change in cash from operation. 2.
Examples of use of cash,
source of cash. 3.
Calculate ROA. ROA = NI/TA. So look for NI, and TA. Hint: TE + TD =
TA 4.
Given EBIT,
interest, tax rate, EBIT, and dividend paid,
calculate for RE 5-8 Given balance sheet and income statement,
calculate cash flow from investment, cash flow from operation, cash flow from
financing. Similar to the in class exercise. Increase
in accounts receivable $20 Decrease
in inventory 10 Operating
income 120 Interest
expense 20 Decrease
in accounts payable 20 Dividend 10 Increase
in common stock 30 Increase
in net fixed asset 10 Depreciation 5 Income
tax 10 Beginning
cash 100 Solution
of the above question: Why is Investment Cash flow -$15? Assume that Net fixed assets =$10 in previous year. Depreciation = $5 è Net fixed
assets will drop by $5 due to depreciation, so net fixed assets should be $10-$5=$5, if the company has done
nothing on fixed assets. However, increase in Net Fixed Asset = $10 è net fixed assets = $10 + $10 = $20 this
year. How much has been spent on fixed assets? $20-$5=$15 è It is a
cash outflow, so -$15. Solution:
see above Note: NI = EBIT – Interest – Tax = 120-20-10=90 9-10 Concept about income statement,
balance sheet, cash flow statements Chapter 5 11. Given PV, r, nper, calculate for FV 12. Given
PV, r, nper, calculate FV (hint: no pmt) 13. Given
FV, r, nper, calculate PV (hint: no pmt) 14. Given
PV, r, nper, calculate FV (hint: no pmt) 15. Given
FV, r, nper, pmt, calculate PV 16. Given
PV, FV, nper, no pmt, calculate for rate 17. Given
PV, rate (hint: if monthly, dividend by 12), pmt, calculate for nper (hint: FV=0) Chapter 6 18-19: What is systematic risk?
Unsystematic risk? 20. How to diversify to achieve the goal
for diversification? 21. Given beta, r of stock A, beta and r
of stock B, calculate market return 22. Given beta, r of stock A, beta and r
of stock B, calculate risk free rate 23. Given beta, r of stock A, beta and r
of stock B, and given stock C’s beta, calculate its return 24-25. Definition of beta, standard
deviation 26, Calculate return given probability of
each state of economy, and return under each state of economy. Chapter 7 27-28. Bond conceptual questions 29. Bond: given nper, bond price, yield to
maturity, calculate for coupon rate (hint: use pmt function) 30-31. Given nper, bond price, coupon
rate, calculate for yield to maturity, for semi-annual coupon bond and annual
coupon bond . 32. Zero coupon bond: given nper, price,
calculate for yield to maturity. 33. Calculate current yield 34. Calculate coupon rate Will use a table similar to the following
to ask the above questions Chapter 8 35. Given dividend yield, Po, calculate
for D1. 36. Given r, D0, g, calculate for dividend
yield 37. Given D0, g, calculate for D5 38. Given Do, g, and r calculate for Po 39: given Do, g, r, calculate for Po 40. Given D1, g, r, calculate for Po 41. Definitions: dividend yield, capital
gain yield Chapter 10 42-48. Calculate for payback period, NPV,
IRR, given CF0 – CF5 and r, calculate crossover rate. 49-50. How to make a capital budgeting
decision based on NPV and IRR? |
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Wishing you a joyful summer break and looking forward to seeing you in the fall! |